
阅读理解11
Music is the result of thought in the form of attitude.There is no one way of thinking,since men’s values are as scattered and dissimilar as individual men themselves.If black music can be seen as the result of certain attitudes,certain specific ways of thinking about the world,then my basic hypothesis about music is understood. The black man’s music changed as the changed,reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within changing contexts.It is why the music changing seems most important to me.
When jazz first began to appear on the American scene during the twenties,in one form or another, it was introduced in many instances by white Americans. Yet its original conception and its most vital development were the result of certain attitudes,or experiential ideas,attributable to the Afro-American culture. Jazz as played by white musicians was not the same as that played by black musicians nor was there any reason for it to be.The music of the white jazz musician was,at its most profound,a learned art.
The blues,for example,which I take to be an independent black music,was practically ignored in pre-jazz white American culture. Blues is an extremely important part of jazz.However, the way in which jazz utilizes the blues“attitude”provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand, and thus he could arrive at a style of jazz music.The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white musician was necessarily quite a different one. And in many cases,it was not consistent with the making of jazz.
Thus,the trumpets(小号) of Bix Beiderbecke and Louis Armstrong were very dissimilar.The white middle—class boy from Iowa was an inborn intellectual and had an emotional life that was based on his conscious or unconscious disapproval of most of the custom of his culture. On the other hand, Armstrong was,in terms of an emotional model,an honored priest of his culture.He was not rebelling against anything with his music.The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society:Beiderbecke, because of his isolation and departure from mass culture;and Armstrong,because of the socio—historical separation of the black man from the rest of American.
1.Which of the following best states the underlying idea of the passage?
A) Due to environmental influences,the music of black and white artists must be very different.
B) Due to its result of thought,black artists’music can be learned by white musicians.
C) Because jazz is created on inspiration,it is difficult for musicians to copy each other.
D) Because music has social significance, its influence on black white relations should not be underestimated.
2.What is the relationship between blues and jazz in American culture?
A) Jazz places more emphasis on Afro-American culture than does the blues.
B) Jazz changes the attitudes of white musicians toward Afro-American culture.
C) Jazz is based on the blues attitude, but expressed in comprehensible manners to white musicians.
D) Jazz must be understood in order to be played, whereas the blues must be learned.
3.The tone of the author’s discussion of the blues is ______.
A) indifferent
B) appreciative
C) curious
D) uncertain
4.The author implies that the kinds of music produced by Beiderbecked and Armstrong differ greatly because_______.
A) the attitudes of blacks and whites as reflected in their music are different
B) Beiderbecke’s intellectualism held back his development as a musician
C) rebellion acted as a destructive force on Beiderbecke’s performance
D) Armstrong was well established as a performer but Beiderbecke was not
5.In which of the following were Beiderbecke and Armstrong similar?
A) The attitudes they brought to their music.
B) Their ability to reflect other cultures in their music.
C) Their separation from mass music.
D) The positions they came to hold in American society.
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参考答案:ACBAD
一、核心词汇(中英对照+ 语境解析):
hypothesis假设;假说作者提出的核心观点:音乐是态度的思想产物,黑人音乐反映其对世界的特定思考方式。
shifting attitudes转变的态度黑人音乐随态度变化而演变,或在不同语境中保持核心态度,是音乐变化的核心原因。
vital development关键发展;重要演进爵士乐的原始构想和核心发展源于非裔美国人文化,强调黑人对爵士乐的核心贡献。
attributable to归因于;源于明确爵士乐的核心特征与非裔美国人文化的关联。
learned art习得的艺术白人爵士乐手的音乐是通过学习掌握的技巧,而非源于自身文化态度的自然表达。
musical analogy音乐类比;音乐参照白人爵士乐手通过理解蓝调的“态度” 作为参照,形成自己的爵士乐风格。
inborn intellectual天生的知识分子描述比克斯・贝德贝克的背景,其音乐情感基于对自身文化习俗的反思。
honored priest of his culture自身文化的尊贵传承者比喻路易斯・阿姆斯特朗的音乐是对黑人文化的坚守与传承,而非反叛。
socio-historical separation社会历史层面的隔离黑人与美国主流社会的隔离状态,是阿姆斯特朗音乐风格形成的社会背景。
superstructure of American society美国社会的上层建筑指两人在社会结构中的相对位置,而非具体社会地位,强调其与主流社会的疏离。
二、原文翻译:
音乐是态度形式下的思想产物。思考方式并非唯一,因为人类的价值观如同个体本身一样分散且各异。如果黑人音乐可被视为特定态度、特定世界观的产物,那么我关于音乐的核心假设就能被理解。黑人音乐随其态度变化而演变,既反映态度的转变,也体现不同语境中始终如一的核心态度。这正是音乐的变化对我而言最为重要的原因。
20 世纪 20 年代,爵士乐以各种形式首次出现在美国舞台上时,在许多情况下是由美国白人引入的。然而,其原始构想与关键发展,都源于非裔美国人文化特有的态度或经验理念。白人音乐家演奏的爵士乐与黑人音乐家的作品并不相同,也没有理由相同。白人爵士乐手的音乐,即便造诣深厚,本质上也是一种 “习得的艺术”。
例如,我认为蓝调是一种独立的黑人音乐,在爵士乐兴起前的美国白人文化中几乎被忽视。蓝调是爵士乐极为重要的组成部分。然而,爵士乐对蓝调“态度” 的运用,为白人音乐家提供了一种可理解的音乐参照,使其能够形成自己的爵士乐风格。白人音乐家最初仅将蓝调视为一种音乐形式,却极少将其理解为一种态度 —— 因为白人音乐家的态度必然与黑人截然不同,且在许多情况下,与爵士乐的创作内核并不契合。
因此,比克斯・贝德贝克与路易斯・阿姆斯特朗的小号演奏风格大相径庭。这位来自艾奥瓦州的白人中产阶级男孩是天生的知识分子,其情感世界建立在对自身文化多数习俗的有意识或无意识否定之上。另一方面,就情感模式而言,阿姆斯特朗是自身文化的尊贵传承者。他的音乐并非对任何事物的反叛。这一情境中令人难以置信的讽刺之处在于:两人在美国社会结构中处于相似的位置—— 贝德贝克因与大众文化的疏离和背离,阿姆斯特朗则因黑人与美国其他群体的社会历史隔离。
三、练习题答案解析(逐题拆解+ 原文依据):
1. 答案:A(主旨大意题)。
解析:题干要求选出文章核心观点,需把握全文逻辑主线—— 音乐是态度 / 思想的产物,黑人和白人的文化环境、态度不同,导致其音乐存在本质差异。
原文信息:首段点明“音乐是态度的思想产物,人类价值观各异”;第二段强调 “白人爵士乐与黑人爵士乐不同,因源于不同态度”;第三段对比白人与黑人对蓝调的理解差异(白人视为音乐形式,黑人视为态度);末段以两位音乐家为例,说明文化背景 / 态度差异导致音乐风格迥异。核心逻辑是 “环境(文化、态度)差异→音乐差异”。
选项排除:B(黑人音乐可被白人学习):原文说白人 “习得” 爵士乐技巧,但未掌握其核心 “态度”,且 “可学习” 并非全文核心,核心是 “差异的根源”;C(爵士乐源于灵感,难以复制):原文未提及 “灵感”,强调 “态度 / 文化” 是核心,复制困难是结果而非原因;D(音乐有社会意义,影响黑白关系):原文未讨论音乐对种族关系的影响,仅分析黑白音乐差异的原因,无中生有。
2. 答案:C(细节理解题)。
解析:题干询问蓝调与爵士乐的关系,需定位原文第三段核心描述。
原文信息:“Blues is an extremely important part of jazz. However, the way in which jazz utilizes the blues ‘attitude’ provided a musical analogy the white musician could understand.”(蓝调是爵士乐的重要组成部分,爵士乐运用蓝调的 “态度”,并以白人能理解的方式呈现)。选项 C 与该表述完全对应。
选项排除:A(爵士乐比蓝调更强调非裔文化):原文说蓝调是 “独立的黑人音乐”,爵士乐源于蓝调态度,未对比两者对非裔文化的 “强调程度”;B(爵士乐改变白人对非裔文化的态度):原文仅说白人通过爵士乐理解蓝调的 “音乐形式”,未提及 “态度改变”,无中生有;D(爵士乐需理解才能演奏,蓝调需学习):原文说白人爵士乐是 “learned art”(习得的艺术),未区分两者 “理解” 与 “学习” 的差异,表述错误。
3. 答案:B(态度推断题)。
解析:题干询问作者对蓝调的态度,需根据原文描述的语气和用词判断。
原文信息:“blues,for example,which I take to be an independent black music”(将蓝调定义为独立的黑人音乐,体现认可);“Blues is an extremely important part of jazz”(强调蓝调对爵士乐的重要性,含肯定意味)。作者对蓝调的描述客观且带有重视与认可,态度为 “赞赏的”。
选项排除:A(冷漠的)、C(好奇的)、D(不确定的):均与原文 “强调重要性、明确其独立地位” 的语气矛盾。
4. 答案:A(推理判断题)。
解析:题干询问两位音乐家音乐风格迥异的原因,需结合原文末段核心对比分析。
原文关键依据:末段明确对比两人的态度/ 文化背景 —— 贝德贝克 “否定自身文化习俗”,阿姆斯特朗 “传承自身文化,不反叛”。前文已铺垫 “音乐是态度的产物”,因此态度差异是音乐风格不同的核心原因。
选项排除:B(贝德贝克的知识分子身份阻碍其发展):原文未说 “阻碍发展”,仅描述其背景与态度,无负面评价;C(反叛对贝德贝克的演奏有破坏作用):原文说贝德贝克 “否定文化习俗”,但未说这是 “反叛” 或 “破坏演奏”,过度解读;D(阿姆斯特朗是知名演奏家,贝德贝克不是):原文未对比两人的知名度,仅分析其音乐风格差异的原因,无中生有。
5. 答案:D(细节理解题)。
解析:题干询问两位音乐家的相似之处,需定位原文末段明确表述。
原文信息:“both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society”(两人在美国社会结构中处于相似的位置)。选项 D “他们在美国社会中所处的位置” 与原文完全对应。
选项排除:A(音乐态度):原文明确说两人态度不同(贝德贝克否定文化,阿姆斯特朗传承文化),矛盾;B(反映其他文化的能力):原文未提及两人 “反映其他文化”,仅说反映自身文化态度,无中生有;C(与大众音乐的隔离):贝德贝克是 “与大众文化疏离”,阿姆斯特朗是 “与主流社会的社会历史隔离”,前者是 “大众音乐”,后者是 “整个社会”,范围不同,且原文强调 “社会结构位置相似”,而非 “与音乐隔离相似”。
四、总结(核心考点回顾):
1、主旨大意题(第1 题):把握 “核心逻辑链”(音乐 = 态度 / 思想→态度 / 文化差异→音乐差异),避免被细节信息(如白人学习爵士乐)误导,聚焦全文贯穿的核心关系。
2、细节理解题(第2、5 题):定位原文关键句,注意同义替换(如 “utilizes the blues ‘attitude’”=“based on the blues attitude”),避免偷换概念(如第 5 题 “社会位置” vs “与大众音乐隔离”)。
3、态度推断题(第3 题):关注作者对描述对象的用词(如 “extremely important”“independent”),判断其情感倾向(赞赏、否定、中立),避免主观臆断。
4、推理判断题(第4 题):结合前文铺垫的核心观点(音乐是态度的产物),推导具体例子的因果关系,确保推理基于原文依据,不添加无关联的外部信息。
5、核心关联题:全文围绕“态度 / 文化→音乐” 的逻辑展开,所有题目均需紧扣这一核心,无论是主旨、细节还是推理,都需回归 “文化差异导致音乐差异” 的主线。


